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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data General AOS</span></span>
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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #e0e0e0;">Data General AOS</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Discontinued</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Closed-source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> <a href="16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="Data_General_Eclipse" title="Data General Eclipse">Eclipse</a> C, M, and S <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> and 32-bit <a href="Eclipse_MV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse MV">Eclipse MV</a> line</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br>user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">Command-line interpreter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial software</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Data General AOS</b> (an abbreviation for <b>Advanced Operating System</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was the name of a family of <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> for <a href="Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> <a href="16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="Data_General_Eclipse" title="Data General Eclipse">Eclipse</a> C, M, and S <a href="Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a>, followed by <a href="AOS/VS" class="mw-redirect" title="AOS/VS">AOS/VS</a> and AOS/RT32<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1980) and later <a href="AOS/VS_II" title="AOS/VS II">AOS/VS II</a> (1988) for the 32-bit <a href="Eclipse_MV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse MV">Eclipse MV</a> line.
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>
<p>AOS/VS exploited the 8-<a href="Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">ring protection</a> architecture of the <a href="Eclipse_MV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse MV">Eclipse MV</a> hardware with ring 7 being the least privileged and ring 0 being the most privileged. The AOS/VS kernel ran in ring 0 and used ring-1 addresses for data structures related to virtual address translations. Ring 2 was unused and reserved for future use by the kernel. The Agent, which performed much of the system call validation for the AOS/VS kernel, as well as some I/O buffering and many compatibility functions, ran in ring 3 of each process. Ring 4 was used by various D.G. products such as the INFOS II <a href="DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="DBMS">DBMS</a>. Rings 5 and 6 were reserved for use by user programs but rarely used except for large software such as the MV/UX inner-ring emulator and <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a> which used ring 5. All user programs ran in ring 7.
</p><p>The AOS software was far more advanced than competing <a href="PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> operating systems. 16-bit AOS applications ran natively under AOS/VS and AOS/VS II on the 32-bit Eclipse MV line. AOS/VS (Advanced Operating System/Virtual Storage) was the most commonly used DG software product, and included a <a href="Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">command-line interpreter</a> (CLI) allowing for complex scripting, DUMP/LOAD, and other custom components.
</p><p>The 16-bit version of the CLI is famous for including an <a href="Easter_egg_(media)" title="Easter egg (media)">Easter egg</a> meant to honor Xyzzy (which was pronounced "magic"). This was the internal code name of what externally became known as the AOS/VS 32-bit operating system. A user typing in the <a href="Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> "<a href="Xyzzy_(computing)" title="Xyzzy (computing)">xyzzy</a>" would get back a response from the CLI of "Nothing Happens". When a <a href="32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> version of the CLI became available under <a href="AOS/VS_II" title="AOS/VS II">AOS/VS II</a>, the same command instead reported "Twice As Much Happens".
</p><p>A modified version of System V.2 <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> called MV/UX hosted under AOS/VS was also available. A modified version of <a href="System_V" class="mw-redirect" title="System V">System V</a> Unix called <a href="DG/UX" title="DG/UX">DG/UX</a> was made for the <a href="Data_General_Eclipse_MV/8000" title="Data General Eclipse MV/8000">Eclipse MV</a> line and later the <a href="88K" class="mw-redirect" title="88K">88K</a> and <a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a> <a href="AViiON" class="mw-redirect" title="AViiON">AViiON</a> machines.
</p><p>The AOS and AOS/VS kernels were written entirely in <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>. Almost all of the AOS and AOS/VS utilities included in the operating system releases were written in <a href="DG/L" title="DG/L">DG/L</a> a variant of the <a href="ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL/60</a> programming language. Initially, AOS/VS utilities closely tracked AOS source development. As AOS/VS matured, many DG-supplied utilities were rewritten to take advantage of the 32-bit address space and reduce dependencies on assembly language, often resulting in substantial increases in functionality, performance and reliability compared with their AOS ancestors.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Session">Session</h2></div>
<pre>**** Atari S/W Development HCD1 / BATCH OUTPUT FILE ****

AOS/VS 3.07 / EXEC 3.07 19-JAN-84 10:11:01
QPRI=254 SEQ=31324
INPUT FILE -- :UDD:SYSTEMS:850:?031.CLI.004.JOB (WILL BE DELETED AFTER PROCESSING)
LIST FILE -- :QUEUE:NORDIN.LIST.31324

--------
LAST MESSAGE CHANGE 12-JAN-84 16:06:08

Atari S/W Development System HCD1

Backup schedule (system shut down): Saturday 21-Jan-84 9:30-11:30am

Refer to HELP *COMMANDS, HELP *PSEUDO, HELP, APHELP, and ?MHELP.

Refer to DISP FUNC in SED for list of default function key commands.

--------
LAST PREVIOUS LOGON 19-JAN-84 10:09:45
* searchlist :UDD:NORDIN:UTIL :UDD:NORDIN:LINKS :C :UTIL&nbsp;:

AOS/VS CLI REV 03.03.00.00 19-JAN-84 10:11:05
Ý SEARCHLIST :UDD:SYSTEMS:UTIL,:UDD:NORDIN:UTIL,:UDD:NORDIN:LINKS,:C,:UTIL,:
Ý DIRECTORY :UDD:SYSTEMS:850
Ý DEFACL SYSTEMS,OWARE,A.JOE,OWARE,A.OLIVIA,OWARE,ARKEN,OWARE,BLOTCKY,OWARE,NORDIN,OWARE,TITTSLER,OWARE,FOWKES,OWARE
Ý CAMAC R850AMAC H=R850AMAC.OBJ L=R850AMAC.PRN R=F SL=132


ATARI CAMAC Assembler Ver 1.0A
Copyright 1981 ATARI Inc.

Enter source file name and options

d:R850AMAC h=d:R850AMAC.OBJ l=d:R850AMAC.PRN R=F SL=132

Pass 1 - Reading D1:R850AMAC.
Pass 2 - Reading D1:R850AMAC.

no ERRORs, 669 Labels, $67E8 free.

ATARI CAMAC Assembler Ver 1.0A
Copyright 1981 ATARI Inc.

Enter source file name and options



Ý
Ý
END OF FILE
AOS/VS CLI TERMINATING 19-JAN-84 10:12:06

PROCESS 42 TERMINATED
ELAPSED TIME 0:01:06
(OTHER JOBS, SAME USERNAME)
USER 'NORDIN' LOGGED OFF 19-JAN-84 10:12:07


****
* LIST FILE EMPTY, WILL NOT BE PRINTED
****
</pre>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Data_General_RDOS" title="Data General RDOS">Data General RDOS</a></li>
<li><a href="CEO_(Data_General)" title="CEO (Data General)">CEO (Data General)</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_dgsoftwarebraryFileEditorUMApr77raw_1324483">"Dg&nbsp;:: Software&nbsp;:: Aos&nbsp;:: 093-000198-01 AOS Library File Editor UM Apr77 raw"</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoard1982" class="citation web cs1">Hoard, Bruce (22 November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhoE9lO6DpMC&amp;q=%22data+general%22+aos/rt32+manuals&amp;pg=PA8">"Computerworld Nov 22, 1982"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. IDG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-28</span></span>.</cite></span>
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</style><div id="Data_General46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Edson_de_Castro" title="Edson de Castro">Edson de Castro</a> (co-founder)</li>
<li><a href="Steve_Wallach" title="Steve Wallach">Steve Wallach</a></li>
<li><a href="Vernon_Weiss" title="Vernon Weiss">Vernon Weiss</a></li>
<li><a href="Tom_West" title="Tom West">Tom West</a></li>
<li><a href="Edward_Zander" title="Edward Zander">Edward Zander</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minicomputers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Data_General_Nova" title="Data General Nova">Nova</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_General_Eclipse" title="Data General Eclipse">Eclipse</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_General_Eclipse_MV/8000" title="Data General Eclipse MV/8000">MV/8000</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microcomputers and <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PCs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Data_General_microNOVA" class="mw-redirect" title="Data General microNOVA">microNOVA</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_General/One" title="Data General/One">Data General/One</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_General_Walkabout" title="Data General Walkabout">Walkabout</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Servers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aviion" title="Aviion">Aviion</a></li>
<li><a href="Clariion" title="Clariion">Clariion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Data_General_RDOS" title="Data General RDOS">RDOS</a></li>
<li> (<a href="AOS/VS_II" title="AOS/VS II">AOS/VS II</a>)</li>
<li><a href="DG/UX" title="DG/UX">DG/UX</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Data_General_Business_Basic" title="Data General Business Basic">Business Basic</a></li>
<li><a href="CEO_(Data_General)" title="CEO (Data General)">CEO</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="B32_Business_Basic" title="B32 Business Basic">B32 Business Basic</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_General_Extended_BASIC" title="Data General Extended BASIC">Extended BASIC</a></li>
<li><a href="DG/L" title="DG/L">DG/L</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Data_General_Corp._v._Digital_Computer_Controls%2C_Inc." title="Data General Corp. v. Digital Computer Controls, Inc.">Data General Corp. v. Digital Computer Controls, Inc.</a></i></li>
<li><a href="DG_International" title="DG International">DG International</a></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Soul_of_a_New_Machine" title="The Soul of a New Machine">The Soul of a New Machine</a></i></li>
<li><a href="The_Talking_Propellerheads" title="The Talking Propellerheads">The Talking Propellerheads</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operating_systems310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li>
<li><a href="Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li>
<li><a href="Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li>
<li><a href="Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li>
<li><a href="Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li>
<li><a href="Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li>
<li><a href="Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li>
<li><a href="Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li>
<li><a href="User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li>
<li><a href="Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li>
<li><a href="Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li>
<li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li>
<li><a href="Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li>
<li><a href="Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li>
<li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>
<li><a href="Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br>algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li>
<li><a href="Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li>
<li><a href="Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li>
<li><a href="Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br><a href="System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li>
<li><a href="General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li>
<li><a href="Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li>
<li><a href="Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li>
<li><a href="Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li>
<li><a href="Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li>
<li><a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br><a href="File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li>
<li><a href="Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li>
<li><a href="Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li>
<li><a href="File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li>
<li><a href="Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li>
<li><a href="Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li>
<li><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li>
<li><a href="Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="API" title="API">API</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>
<li><a href="Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li>
<li><a href="Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li>
<li><a href="Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li>
<li><a href="Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a>
<ul><li><a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li>
<li><a href="User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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